William. of Timber and Stone advertises additional services than those mentioned on your prior page which now includes 'bathrooms.' .

to gut and install an upstairs and downstairs high-end bathroom. Inclusion of a. radiant heated floor for ceramic and stone tile was suggested by Mr.

Scandinavian stave churches of heavy timber were built from the 11th through the 14th century, prior to the triumph of the stone church, and about 30 have survived to the present day. In western Europe, particularly from the 14th century onward, half-timber construction emerged as a new form of house building.

and installed. When attempting to register both floors with. Company, it was discovered that progressive logs (3) required during different stages of installation had not been done. We were told by the worker, 'Andy', 'we do these all the time and have never had a problem.' Since we were concerned about our inability to register our floors and therefore not have a 10 year warranty by the company, Mr.

himself agreed to warranty the. floors for 10 years. These floors were expensive to buy and install. The problem lies with the downstairs bathroom floor. Just cause 4 reloaded free.

The downstairs bathroom was completed in July of 2017. We did not use the new baths until Christmas 2017 when we had company as we have a third bath and also had to finish and/or redo some things. The controller on the wall in each bath gave the appearance that the floors were working. It was not until the baths were used in December that we realized there was no power getting to the downstairs floor to provide heat. Consequently, we have a nonfunctioning. floor and have been trying to contact Mr.

to uphold his warranty. We have made repeated attempts via phone calls, email, text message, and certified mail which was unclaimed and returned to us, to contact Mr. with no response. We are Senior citizens, need heat in our downstairs bath, do not wish to be taken advantage of, and want this issue resolved hopefully without having to seek legal counsel. We would prefer that a neutral outside, licensed professional do the work, having experienced numerous problems throughout the installation of our baths, and we have no confidence in Mr.'

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BBB Business Profiles may not be reproduced for sales or promotional purposes.BBB Business Profiles are provided solely to assist you in exercising your own best judgment. BBB asks third parties who publish complaints, reviews and/or responses on this website to affirm that the information provided is accurate. However, BBB does not verify the accuracy of information provided by third parties, and does not guarantee the accuracy of any information in Business Profiles.When considering complaint information, please take into account the company's size and volume of transactions, and understand that the nature of complaints and a firm's responses to them are often more important than the number of complaints.BBB Business Profiles generally cover a three-year reporting period. BBB Business Profiles are subject to change at any time.

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Construction of apartment buildings Apartment buildings under construction in Cambridge, England. Andrew DunnConstruction is an ancient human activity. It began with the purely functional need for a controlled to moderate the effects of. Constructed were one means by which human beings were able to adapt themselves to a wide variety of climates and become a global species.Human shelters were at first very simple and perhaps lasted only a few days or months. Over time, however, even temporary structures evolved into such highly refined forms as the.

Gradually more durable structures began to appear, particularly after the advent of, when people began to stay in one place for long periods. The first shelters were dwellings, but later other functions, such as food storage and ceremony, were housed in separate buildings. Some structures began to have symbolic as well as functional value, marking the beginning of the distinction between architecture and building.

The history of building is marked by a number of trends. One is the increasing durability of the materials used. Early were perishable, such as leaves, branches,. Later, more durable natural materials—such as clay, stone, and timber—and, finally, materials—such as, metals, and —were used. Another is a quest for buildings of ever greater height and span; this was made possible by the development of stronger materials and by knowledge of how materials behave and how to exploit them to greater advantage. A third major trend involves the degree of control exercised over the interior of buildings: increasingly precise regulation of air temperature, light and sound levels, odours, air speed, and other factors that affect human comfort has been possible.

Yet another trend is the change in energy available to the construction process, starting with human muscle power and developing toward the powerful used today. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription.The present state of construction is complex.

There is a wide range of building products and systems which are aimed primarily at groups of building types or markets. The design process for buildings is highly organized and draws upon research establishments that study material properties and performance, code officials who adopt and enforce safety standards, and design professionals who determine user needs and design a building to meet those needs. The construction process is also highly organized; it includes the manufacturers of building products and systems, the craftsmen who assemble them on the building site, the contractors who employ and coordinate the work of the craftsmen, and consultants who specialize in such aspects as construction management, quality control, and insurance. Construction today is a significant part of industrial, a of its and complexity and a measure of its mastery of natural forces, which can produce a widely varied built environment to serve the needs of society. This article first traces the history of construction, then surveys its development at the present time. For treatment of the considerations of building design, see.

For further treatment of historical development, see;;;;;;;;;;;;;;. The history of construction Primitive building: theThe of the late Stone Age, who about a wide area in search of food, built the earliest temporary shelters that appear in the archaeological record. Excavations at a number of sites in Europe dated to before 12,000 bce show circular rings of stones that are believed to have formed part of such shelters. They may have braced crude huts made of wooden poles or have weighted down the walls of made of animal skins, presumably supported by central poles.A tent illustrates the basic elements of control that are the concern of construction.

The tent creates a membrane to shed rain and snow; cold water on the absorbs body heat. The membrane reduces wind speed as well; air over the human skin also promotes heat loss. It controls by keeping out the hot rays of the sun and confining heated air in cold. It also blocks out light and provides visual privacy.

The membrane must be supported against the forces of gravity and wind; a structure is necessary. Membranes of hides are strong in tension (stresses imposed by stretching forces), but poles must be added to take compression (stresses imposed by compacting forces). Indeed, much of the history of construction is the search for more sophisticated solutions to the same basic problems that the tent was set out to solve. The tent has continued in use to the present.

The Saudi Arabian goats’ hair tent, the Mongolian with its collapsible wooden frame and felt coverings, and the American Indian with its multiple pole supports and double membrane are more refined and elegant descendants of the crude shelters of the early hunter-gatherers.The, dated to about 10,000 bce, gave a major to construction. People no longer traveled in search of game or followed their herds but stayed in one place to tend their fields. Dwellings began to be more permanent. Archaeological records are scanty, but in the are found the remains of whole villages of round dwellings called, whose walls are made of packed; all traces of have disappeared. In Europe tholoi were built of dry-laid stone with domed roofs; there are still surviving examples (of more recent construction) of these beehive structures in the Alps. In later Middle Eastern tholoi a rectangular antechamber or entrance hall appeared, attached to the main circular chamber—the first examples of the rectangular plan form in building. Still later the circular form was dropped in favour of the rectangle as dwellings were divided into more rooms and more dwellings were placed together in settlements.

The tholoi marked an important step in the search for durability; they were the beginning of construction.Evidence of composite construction of clay and, the so-called method, is also found in Europe and the Middle East. The walls were made of small saplings or reeds, which were easy to cut with stone tools. They were driven into the ground, tied together laterally with vegetable fibres, and then plastered over with wet clay to give added rigidity and weatherproofing. The roofs have not survived, but the structures were probably covered with crude thatch or bundled reeds. Both round and rectangular forms are found, usually with central hearths.Heavier buildings also appeared in (New Stone Age), although the difficulties of cutting large trees with stone tools limited the use of sizable timbers to frames. These were usually rectangular in plan, with a central row of to support a ridgepole and matching rows of columns along the long walls; rafters were run from the ridgepole to the wall beams.

The lateral stability of the frame was achieved by burying the columns deep in the ground; the ridgepole and rafters were then tied to the columns with vegetable fibres. The usual roofing material was: dried grasses or reeds tied together in small bundles, which in turn were tied in an overlapping pattern to the light wooden poles that spanned between the rafters. Horizontal thatched roofs leak rain badly, but, if they are placed at the proper angle, the rainwater runs off before it has time to soak through. Primitive builders soon determined the roof pitch that would shed the water but not the thatch. Many types of infill were used in the walls of these frame houses, including clay, tree bark (favoured by American Woodland Indians), and thatch. In and, where such houses are still built, they are raised above the ground on stilts for security and dryness; the roofing is often made of leaves and the walls are largely open to allow air movement for natural cooling.

Another variation of the frame was found in Egypt and the Middle East, where timbers were substituted for bundles of reeds.