,SignatureThomas Paine (born Thomas Pain ) (February 9, 1737 January 29, 1736 – June 8, 1809) was an English-born American,. He authored the two most influential pamphlets at the start of the and inspired the in 1776 to declare independence from. His ideas reflected ideals of transnational human rights.

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Historian described him as 'a by trade, a journalist by profession, and a propagandist by inclination'.Born in in the English county of, Paine migrated to the in 1774 with the help of, arriving just in time to participate in the American Revolution. Virtually every rebel read (or listened to a reading of) his powerful pamphlet (1776), proportionally the all-time best-selling American title, which catalysed the rebellious demand for independence from Great Britain. His (1776–1783) was a pro-revolutionary pamphlet series. Common Sense was so influential that said: 'Without the pen of the author of Common Sense, the sword of Washington would have been raised in vain'. Paine lived in France for most of the 1790s, becoming deeply involved in the. He wrote (1791), in part a defense of the French Revolution against its critics. His attacks on Anglo-Irish writer led to in England in 1792 for the crime of.The British government of, worried by the possibility that the French Revolution might spread to England, had begun suppressing works that espoused radical philosophies.

Paine's work, which advocated the right of the people to overthrow their government, was duly targeted, with a for his arrest issued in early 1792. Paine fled to France in September where, despite not being able to speak French, he was quickly elected to the French. The regarded him as an ally. Consequently, the, especially, regarded him as an enemy.In December 1793, he was arrested and was taken to Luxembourg Prison in Paris. While in prison, he continued to work on (1793–1794)., a future President of the, used his diplomatic connections to get Paine released in November 1794. Paine became notorious because of his pamphlets. The Age of Reason, in which he advocated, promoted reason and free thought and argued against institutionalized religion in general and Christian doctrine in particular.

He published the pamphlet (1797), discussing the origins of and introduced the concept of a through a one-time on landowners. In 1802, he returned to the U.S. When he died on June 8, 1809 only six people attended his funeral as he had been ostracized for his ridicule of Christianity.

Old School at, where Paine was educatedHe attended (1744–1749), at a time when there was no compulsory education. At the age of 13, he was apprenticed to his father, a staymaker. Following his apprenticeship, aged 19, Thomas enlisted and briefly served as a, before returning to Britain in 1759.

There, he became a master staymaker, establishing a shop in.On September 27, 1759, Thomas Paine married Mary Lambert. His business collapsed soon after.

Mary became pregnant; and, after they moved to, she went into early labour, in which she and their child died.In July 1761, Paine returned to Thetford to work as a officer. In December 1762, he became an in, Lincolnshire; in August 1764, he was transferred to, also in Lincolnshire, at a salary of £50 per annum. On August 27, 1765, he was dismissed as an Excise Officer for 'claiming to have inspected goods he did not inspect'.

On July 31, 1766, he requested his reinstatement from the Board of Excise, which they granted the next day, upon vacancy. While awaiting that, he worked as a stay-maker. Thomas Paine's house inIn 1767, he was appointed to a position in, Cornwall. Later he asked to leave this post to await a vacancy, and he became a schoolteacher in London. On February 19, 1768, he was appointed to in, a town with a tradition of opposition to the monarchy and pro-republican sentiments since the revolutionary decades of the 17th century. Here he lived above the 15th-century Bull House, the tobacco shop of Samuel Ollive and Esther Ollive.Paine first became involved in civic matters when he was based in Lewes. He appears in the Town Book as a member of the Court Leet, the governing body for the town.

He was also a member of the parish, an influential local church group whose responsibilities for parish business would include collecting taxes and tithes to distribute among the poor. On March 26, 1771, at age 34, he married Elizabeth Ollive, his landlord's daughter. Plaque at the White Hart Hotel, East Sussex, south east EnglandFrom 1772 to 1773, Paine joined excise officers asking Parliament for better pay and working conditions, publishing, in summer of 1772, The Case of the Officers of Excise, a 12-page article, and his first political work, spending the London winter distributing the 4,000 copies printed to the Parliament and others. In spring 1774, he was again dismissed from the excise service for being absent from his post without permission; his tobacco shop failed, too. On April 14, to avoid, he sold his household possessions to pay debts.

On June 4, 1774, he formally separated from his wife Elizabeth and moved to London, where, in September, mathematician, Fellow of the Royal Society, and Commissioner of the Excise introduced him to, who suggested emigration to British colonial America, and gave him a letter of recommendation. In October, Paine emigrated to the American colonies, arriving in on November 30, 1774. In Pennsylvania Magazine Paine barely survived the transatlantic voyage.

The ship's water supplies were bad and killed five passengers. On arriving at Philadelphia, he was too sick to disembark.

Benjamin Franklin's physician, there to welcome Paine to America, had him carried off ship; Paine took six weeks to recover. He became a citizen of Pennsylvania 'by taking the oath of allegiance at a very early period'. In March 1775, he became editor of the Pennsylvania Magazine, a position he conducted with considerable ability.Before Paine's arrival in America, sixteen magazines had been founded in the colonies and ultimately failed, each featuring substantial content and reprints from England. In late 1774, Philadelphia printer announced his plan to create what he called an 'American Magazine' with content derived from the colonies. Paine contributed two pieces to the magazine's inaugural issue dated January 1775, and Aitken hired Paine as the Magazine's editor one month later. Under Paine's leadership, the magazine's readership rapidly expanded, achieving a greater circulation in the colonies than any American magazine up until that point.

While Aiken had conceived of the magazine as nonpolitical, Paine brought a strong political perspective to its content, writing in its first issue that 'every heart and hand seem to be engaged in the interesting struggle for American Liberty.' Paine wrote in the Pennsylvania Magazine that such a publication should become a 'nursery of genius' for a nation that had 'now outgrown the state of infancy,' exercising and educating American minds, and shaping American morality.

On March 8, 1775, the Pennsylvania Magazine published an unsigned abolitionist essay titled African Slavery in America. The essay is often attributed to Paine on the basis of a letter by, recalling Paine's claim of authorship to the essay. The essay attacked slavery as an 'execrable commerce' and 'outrage against Humanity and Justice.' Consciously appealing to a broader and more working class audience, Paine also used the magazine to discuss worker rights to production. This shift in the conceptualization of politics has been described as a part of 'the 'modernization' of political consciousness,' and the mobilization of ever greater sections of society into political life. American Revolution. Main article:Paine has a claim to the title The Father of the American Revolution, which rests on his pamphlets, especially Common Sense, which crystallized sentiment for independence in 1776.

It was published in on January 10, 1776, and signed anonymously 'by an Englishman'. It became an immediate success, quickly spreading 100,000 copies in three months to the two million residents of the 13 colonies. During the course of the American Revolution, a total of about 500,000 copies were sold, including unauthorized editions. Paine's original title for the pamphlet was Plain Truth, but Paine's friend, pro-independence advocate, suggested Common Sense instead.The pamphlet came into circulation in January 1776, after the Revolution had started. It was passed around and often read aloud in taverns, contributing significantly to spreading the idea of republicanism, bolstering enthusiasm for separation from Britain, and encouraging recruitment for the.

Paine provided a new and convincing argument for independence by advocating a complete break with history. Common Sense is oriented to the future in a way that compels the reader to make an immediate choice.

It offers a solution for Americans disgusted with and alarmed at the threat of tyranny.Paine's attack on monarchy in Common Sense is essentially an attack on. Whereas colonial resentments were originally directed primarily against the king's ministers and Parliament, Paine laid the responsibility firmly at the king's door. Common Sense was the most widely read pamphlet of the American Revolution. It was a clarion call for unity against the corrupt British court, so as to realize America's providential role in providing an asylum for liberty. Written in a direct and lively style, it denounced the decaying despotisms of Europe and pilloried hereditary monarchy as an absurdity. At a time when many still hoped for reconciliation with Britain, Common Sense demonstrated to many the inevitability of separation.Paine was not on the whole expressing original ideas in Common Sense, but rather employing rhetoric as a means to arouse resentment of the Crown. To achieve these ends, he pioneered a style of political writing suited to the democratic society he envisioned, with Common Sense serving as a primary example.

Part of Paine's work was to render complex ideas intelligible to average readers of the day, with clear, concise writing unlike the formal, learned style favored by many of Paine's contemporaries. Scholars have put forward various explanations to account for its success, including the historic moment, Paine's easy-to-understand style, his democratic ethos, and his use of psychology and ideology.Common Sense was immensely popular in disseminating to a very wide audience ideas that were already in common use among the elite who comprised Congress and the leadership cadre of the emerging nation, who rarely cited Paine's arguments in their public calls for independence. The pamphlet probably had little direct influence on the decision to issue a, since that body was more concerned with how declaring independence would affect the war effort. One distinctive idea in Common Sense is Paine's beliefs regarding the peaceful nature of republics; his views were an early and strong conception of what scholars would come to call the.vigorously attacked Common Sense; one attack, titled Plain Truth (1776), by Marylander, said Paine was a political quack and warned that without monarchy, the government would 'degenerate into democracy'. Even some American revolutionaries objected to Common Sense; late in life called it a 'crapulous mass'. Adams disagreed with the type of radical democracy promoted by Paine (that men who did not own property should still be allowed to vote and hold public office) and published in 1776 to advocate a more conservative approach to republicanism.argues that Paine was highly innovative in his use of the commonplace notion of 'common sense'. He synthesized various philosophical and political uses of the term in a way that permanently impacted American political thought.

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He used two ideas from: that ordinary people can indeed make sound judgments on major political issues, and that there exists a body of popular wisdom that is readily apparent to anyone. Paine also used a notion of 'common sense' favored by in the Continental Enlightenment. They held that common sense could refute the claims of traditional institutions. Thus, Paine used 'common sense' as a weapon to delegitimize the monarchy and overturn prevailing conventional wisdom.

Rosenfeld concludes that the phenomenal appeal of his pamphlet resulted from his synthesis of popular and elite elements in the independence movement.According to historian, Common Sense became immensely popular mainly because Paine appealed to widespread convictions. Monarchy, he said, was preposterous and it had a heathenish origin.

It was an institution of the devil. Paine pointed to the, where almost all kings had seduced the Israelites to worship idols instead of God. Paine also denounced aristocracy, which together with monarchy were 'two ancient tyrannies.' They violated the laws of nature, human reason, and the 'universal order of things,' which began with God. That was, Middlekauff says, exactly what most Americans wanted to hear. He calls the Revolutionary generation 'the children of the twice-born'.

Because in their childhood they had experienced the, which, for the first time, had tied Americans together, transcending denominational and ethnic boundaries and giving them a sense of patriotism. The American Crisis (1776) In late 1776, Paine published pamphlet series to inspire the Americans in their battles against the British army.

He juxtaposed the conflict between the good American devoted to civic virtue and the selfish provincial man. To inspire his soldiers, General had The American Crisis, first Crisis pamphlet, read aloud to them. It begins:These are the times that try men's souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like Hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as freedom should not be highly rated.

Foreign affairs In 1777, Paine became secretary of the Congressional Committee on Foreign Affairs. The following year, he alluded to secret negotiation underway with France in his pamphlets. His enemies denounced his indiscretions. There was scandal; together with Paine's conflict with and it led to Paine's expulsion from the Committee in 1779.However, in 1781, he accompanied on his mission to France. Eventually, after much pleading from Paine, New York State recognized his political services by presenting him with an estate at, New York and Paine received money from Pennsylvania and from Congress at Washington's suggestion. During the Revolutionary War, Paine served as an aide-de-camp to the important general,.

Silas Deane affair In what may have been an error, and perhaps even contributed to his resignation as the secretary to the Committee of Foreign Affairs, Paine was openly critical of, an American diplomat who had been appointed in March 1776 by the Congress to travel to France in secret. Deane's goal was to influence the French government to finance the colonists in their fight for independence. Paine largely saw Deane as a war profiteer who had little respect for principle, having been under the employ of, one of the primary financiers of the American Revolution and working with, a French royal agent sent to the colonies by King Louis to investigate the Anglo-American conflict. Paine uncovered the financial connection between Morris, who was Superintendent for Finance of the Continental Congress, and Deane. Paine labeled Deane as unpatriotic, and demanded that there be a public investigation into Morris' financing of the Revolution, as he had contracted with his own company for around $500,000. Wealthy men, such as Robert Morris, and powerful, were leaders of the Continental Congress and defended holding public positions while at the same time profiting off their own personal financial dealings with governments. Amongst Paine's criticisms, he had written in the that France had ' prefaced their alliance by an early and generous friendship,' referring to aid that had been provided to American colonies prior to the recognition of the Franco-American treaties.

This was alleged to be effectively an embarrassment to France, which potentially could have jeopardized the alliance. John Jay, the President of the Congress, who had been a fervent supporter of Deane, immediately spoke out against Paine's comments. The controversy eventually became public, and Paine was then denounced as unpatriotic for criticizing an American revolutionary.

He was even physically assaulted twice in the street by Deane supporters. This much-added stress took a large toll on Paine, who was generally of a sensitive character and he resigned as secretary to the Committee of Foreign Affairs in 1779. Paine left the Committee without even having enough money to buy food for himself.Much later, when Paine returned from his mission to France, Deane's corruption had become more widely acknowledged. Many, including Robert Morris, apologized to Paine and Paine's reputation in Philadelphia was restored.Public Good In 1780, Paine published a pamphlet entitled 'Public Good,' in which he made the case that territories west of the 13 colonies that had been part of the British Empire belonged after the Declaration of Independence to the American government, and did not belong to any of the 13 states or to any individual.

A of 1609 had granted to the land stretching to the Pacific Ocean. A small group of wealthy Virginia land speculators, including the Washington, Lee, and Randolph families, had taken advantage of this royal charter to survey and to claim title to huge swaths of land, including much land west of the 13 colonies. In 'Public Good,' Paine argued that these lands belonged to the American government as represented by the Continental Congress.

This angered many of Paine's wealthy Virginia friends, including of the powerful Lee family, who had been Paine's closest ally in Congress, and, all of whom had claimed to huge wild tracts that Paine was advocating should be government owned. The view that Paine had advocated eventually prevailed when the of 1787 was passed.The animosity Paine felt as a result of the publication of 'Public Good' fueled his decision to embark with on a mission to travel to Paris to obtain funding for the American war effort. Funding the Revolution Paine accompanied Col. John Laurens to France and is credited with initiating the mission.

It landed in France in March 1781 and returned to America in August with 2.5 million in silver, as part of a 'present' of 6 million and a loan of 10 million. The meetings with the French king were most likely conducted in the company and under the influence of. Upon returning to the United States with this highly welcomed cargo, Thomas Paine and probably Col. Laurens, 'positively objected' that General Washington should propose that Congress remunerate him for his services, for fear of setting 'a bad precedent and an improper mode'. Paine made influential acquaintances in Paris and helped organize the to raise money to supply the army. In 1785, he was given $3,000 by the in recognition of his service to the nation.(father of Col.

) had been the ambassador to the, but he was captured by the British on his return trip there. When he was later exchanged for the prisoner in late 1781, Paine proceeded to the Netherlands to continue the loan negotiations. There remains some question as to the relationship of Henry Laurens and Thomas Paine to Robert Morris as the Superintendent of Finance and his business associate Thomas Willing who became the first president of the Bank of North America in January 1782. They had accused Morris of profiteering in 1779 and Willing had voted against the Declaration of Independence. Although Morris did much to restore his reputation in 1780 and 1781, the credit for obtaining these critical loans to 'organize' the Bank of North America for approval by Congress in December 1781 should go to Henry or John Laurens and Thomas Paine more than to Robert Morris. In Fashion before Ease; —or,— A good Constitution sacrificed for a Fantastick Form (1793), caricatured Paine tightening the of and protruding from his coat pocket is a measuring tape inscribed 'Rights of Man'Paine bought his only house in 1783 on the corner of Farnsworth Avenue and Church Streets in, New Jersey and he lived in it periodically until his death in 1809.

This is the only place in the world where Paine purchased real estate.In 1787, a bridge of Paine's design was built across the at Philadelphia. At this time his work on single-arch iron bridges led him back to Paris, France. Because Paine had few friends when arriving in France aside from and Jefferson, he continued to correspond heavily with Benjamin Franklin, a long time friend and mentor. Franklin provided letters of introduction for Paine to use to gain associates and contacts in France.Later that year, Paine returned to London from Paris. He then released a pamphlet on August 20 called Prospects on the Rubicon: or, an investigation into the Causes and Consequences of the Politics to be Agitated at the Meeting of Parliament.

Tensions between England and France were increasing, and this pamphlet urged the British Ministry to reconsider the consequences of war with France. Paine sought to turn the public opinion against the war to create better relations between the countries, avoid the taxes of war upon the citizens, and not engage in a war he believed would ruin both nations. Rights of Man. See also: andBack in London by 1787, Paine would become engrossed in the French Revolution after it began in 1789, and decided to travel to France in 1790. Meanwhile, conservative intellectual launched a counterrevolutionary blast against the French Revolution, entitled (1790), which strongly appealed to the landed class, and sold 30,000 copies.

Paine set out to refute it in his (1791). He wrote it not as a quick pamphlet, but as a long, abstract political tract of 90,000 words which tore apart monarchies and traditional social institutions. On January 31, 1791, he gave the manuscript to publisher. A visit by government agents dissuaded Johnson, so Paine gave the book to publisher J. S. Jordan, then went to Paris, per 's advice.

He charged three good friends, and, with handling publication details. The book appeared on March 13, 1791 and sold nearly a million copies. It was 'eagerly read by reformers, Protestant dissenters, democrats, London craftsmen, and the skilled factory-hands of the new industrial north'. The Friends of the People caricatured by, November 15, 1792, and Thomas Paine are surrounded by incendiary itemsIn summer of 1792, he answered the sedition and libel charges thus: 'If, to expose the fraud and imposition of monarchy. To promote universal peace, civilization, and commerce, and to break the chains of political superstition, and raise degraded man to his proper rank; if these things be libellous. Let the name of libeller be engraved on my tomb.'

Paine was an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution, and was granted honorary French alongside prominent contemporaries such as, and others. Paine's honorary citizenship was in recognition of the publishing of his Rights of Man, Part II and the sensation it created within France. Despite his inability to speak French, he was elected to the, representing the district of.Several weeks after his election to the National Convention, Paine was selected as one of nine deputies to be part of the Convention's Constitutional Committee, who were charged to draft a suitable constitution for the. He subsequentially participated in the Constitutional Committee in drafting the. He voted for the French Republic, but argued against the execution of, saying the monarch should instead be to the United States: firstly, because of the way royalist France had come to the aid of the American Revolution; and secondly, because of a moral objection to capital punishment in general and to revenge killings in particular. However, Paine's speech in defense of Louis XVI was interrupted by, who claimed that as a Quaker, Paine's religious beliefs ran counter to inflicting capital punishment and thus he should be ineligible to vote.

Marat interrupted a second time, stating that the translator was deceiving the convention by distorting the meanings of Paine's words, prompting Paine to provide a copy of the speech as proof that he was being correctly translated.Regarded as an ally of the, he was seen with increasing disfavor by the, who were now in power; and in particular. A decree was passed at the end of 1793 excluding foreigners from their places in the Convention ( was also deprived of his place). Paine was arrested and imprisoned in December 1793.Paine wrote the second part of on a desk in 's house, with whom he was staying in 1792 before he fled to France.

This desk is currently on display in the in. The Age of Reason. Satire of William Cobbet 'resurrecting' Paine bones; Napoleon is on St Helena and England has a revolution.On the morning of June 8, 1809, Paine died, aged 72, at 59 Grove Street in, New York City Although the original building is no longer there, the present building has a plaque noting that Paine died at this location.After his death, Paine's body was brought to New Rochelle, but the Quakers would not allow it to be buried in their graveyard as per his last will, so his remains were buried under a walnut tree on his farm. In 1819, English agrarian radical journalist, who in 1793 had published a hostile continuation of Francis Oldys (George Chalmer)'s The Life of Thomas Paine, dug up his bones and transported them back to England with the intention to give Paine a heroic reburial on his native soil, but this never came to pass. The bones were still among Cobbett's effects when he died over fifteen years later, but were later lost. There is no confirmed story about what happened to them after that, although various people have claimed throughout the years to own parts of Paine's remains, such as his skull and right hand.At the time of his death, most American newspapers reprinted the obituary notice from the that was in turn quoting from The American Citizen, which read in part: 'He had lived long, did some good, and much harm'. Only six mourners came to his funeral, two of whom were black, most likely.

Many years later the writer and orator wrote:Thomas Paine had passed the legendary limit of life. One by one most of his old friends and acquaintances had deserted him. Maligned on every side, execrated, shunned and abhorred – his virtues denounced as vices – his services forgotten – his character blackened, he preserved the poise and balance of his soul. He was a victim of the people, but his convictions remained unshaken. He was still a soldier in the army of freedom, and still tried to enlighten and civilize those who were impatiently waiting for his death. Even those who loved their enemies hated him, their friend – the friend of the whole world – with all their hearts.

On the 8th of June 1809, death came – Death, almost his only friend. At his funeral no pomp, no pageantry, no civic procession, no military display. In a carriage, a woman and her son who had lived on the bounty of the dead – on horseback, a Quaker, the humanity of whose heart dominated the creed of his head – and, following on foot, two negroes filled with gratitude – constituted the funeral cortege of Thomas Paine. Ideas Biographer identifies a utopian thread in Paine's thought, writing: 'Through this new language he communicated a new vision—a utopian image of an egalitarian, republican society'.Paine's utopianism combined, belief in the inevitability of scientific and social progress and commitment to free markets and liberty generally. The multiple sources of Paine's political theory all pointed to a society based on the common good and individualism. Paine expressed a redemptive futurism or political messianism. Writing that his generation 'would appear to the future as the Adam of a new world', Paine exemplified British utopianism.Later, his encounters with the made a deep impression.

The ability of the to live in harmony with nature while achieving a democratic decision-making process helped him refine his thinking on how to organize society. Portrait of Thomas Paine by, 1785–1795 Slavery On March 8, 1775, one month after Paine became the editor of The Pennsylvania Magazine, the magazine published an anonymous article titled 'African Slavery in America,' the first prominent piece in the colonies proposing the emancipation of African-American slaves and the of slavery.Paine is often credited with writing the piece, on the basis of later testimony by Benjamin Rush, cosigner of the Declaration of Independence. Citing a lack of further evidence of Paine's authorship, however, scholars Foner and no longer consider it to be one of his works. By contrast, journalist John Nichols writes that Paine's 'fervent objections to ' led to his exclusion from power during the early years of the Republic.

State funded social programs In his Rights of Man, Part Second, Paine advocated a comprehensive program of state support for the population to ensure the welfare of society, including state subsidy for poor people, state-financed universal public education, and state-sponsored and, including state subsidies to families at childbirth. Recognizing that a person's 'labor ought to be over' before old age, Paine also called for a state to all workers starting at age 50, which would be doubled at age 60. Agrarian Justice His last pamphlet, published in the winter of 1795, opposed to agrarian law and to agrarian monopoly and further developed his ideas in the Rights of Man about how land ownership separated the majority of people from their rightful, natural inheritance and means of independent survival. Recognizes Agrarian Justice as the first American proposal for an. Per Agrarian Justice:In advocating the case of the persons thus dispossessed, it is a right, and not a charity.

Government must create a national fund, out of which there shall be paid to every person, when arrived at the age of twenty-one years, the sum of fifteen pounds sterling, as a compensation in part, for the loss of his or her natural inheritance, by the introduction of the system of landed property. And also, the sum of ten pounds per annum, during life, to every person now living, of the age of fifty years, and to all others as they shall arrive at that age.In 2011, £10 and £15 would be worth about £800 and £1,200 ($1,200 and $2,000) when adjusted for inflation.Lamb argues that Paine's analysis of property rights marks a distinct contribution to political theory. His theory of property defends a libertarian concern with private ownership that shows an egalitarian commitment.

Paine's new justification of property sets him apart from previous theorists such as,. It demonstrates Paine's commitment to foundational liberal values of individual freedom and moral equality. Religious views Before his arrest and imprisonment in France, knowing that he would probably be arrested and executed, following in the tradition of Paine wrote the first part of, an assault on organized 'revealed' religion combining a compilation of the many inconsistencies he found in the Bible. About his own religious beliefs, Paine wrote in The Age of Reason:I believe in, and no more; and I hope for happiness beyond this life.I do not believe in the creed professed by the, by the, by the, by the, by the, nor by any church that I know of. My own mind is my own church. All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish, Christian or Turkish, appear to me no other than human inventions, set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.Whenever we read the obscene stories, the voluptuous debaucheries, the cruel and tortuous executions, the unrelenting vindictiveness with which more than half the Bible is filled, it would be more consistent that we call it the word of a demon than the word of God.

It is a history of wickedness that has served to corrupt and brutalize mankind; and, for my part, I sincerely detest it, as I detest everything that is cruel.Though there is no evidence Paine himself was a, upon his return to America from France he also penned 'An Essay on the Origin of Free-Masonry' (1803–1805) about Freemasonry being derived from the religion of the ancient Druids. In the essay, he stated: 'The Christian religion is a parody on the worship of the sun, in which they put a man called Christ in the place of the sun, and pay him the adoration originally paid to the sun'. Marguerite de Bonneville published the essay in 1810 after Paine's death, but she chose to omit certain passages from it that were critical of Christianity, most of which were restored in an 1818 printing.While Paine never described himself as a, he did write the following:The opinions I have advanced. In 1969, a stamp honoring Paine was issued.Harvey J. Kaye wrote that through Paine, through his pamphlets and catchphrases such as 'The sun never shined on a cause of greater worth,' 'We have it in our power to begin the world over again,' and 'These are the times that try men's souls' did more than move Americans to declare their independence:he also imbued the nation they were founding with democratic impulse and aspiration and exceptional – indeed, world-historic – purpose and promise.

For 230 years Americans have drawn ideas, inspiration, and encouragement from Paine and his work.John Stevenson argues that in the early 1790s, numerous radical political societies were formed throughout England and Wales in which Paine's writings provided 'a boost to the self-confidence of those seeking to participate in politics for the first time.' In its immediate effects, Gary Kates argues, 'Paine's vision unified Philadelphia merchants, British artisans, French peasants, Dutch reformers, and radical intellectuals from Boston to Berlin in one great movement.'

Since its founding in 1873, the American freethought periodical – – has championed Thomas Paine.His writings in the long term inspired and working-class in Britain and United States., and often claim him as an intellectual ancestor. Paine's critique of institutionalized religion and advocacy of rational thinking influenced many British freethinkers in the 19th and 20th centuries, such as, and.The quote 'Lead, follow, or get out of the way' is widely but incorrectly attributed to Paine.

It can be found nowhere in his published works. Abraham Lincoln In 1835, when was 26 years old, he wrote a defense of Paine's deism.

A political associate, Samuel Hill, burned the manuscript to save Lincoln's political career. Historian, the editor of Lincoln's papers, said Paine had a strong influence on Lincoln's style:No other writer of the eighteenth century, with the exception of Jefferson, parallels more closely the temper or gist of Lincoln's later thought. In style, Paine above all others affords the variety of eloquence which, chastened and adapted to Lincoln's own mood, is revealed in Lincoln's formal writings. Thomas Edison The inventor said:I have always regarded Paine as one of the greatest of all Americans. Never have we had a sounder intelligence in this republic. It was my good fortune to encounter Thomas Paine's works in my boyhood.

It was, indeed, a revelation to me to read that great thinker's views on political and theological subjects. Paine educated me, then, about many matters of which I had never before thought. I remember, very vividly, the flash of enlightenment that shone from Paine's writings, and I recall thinking, at that time, 'What a pity these works are not today the schoolbooks for all children!' My interest in Paine was not satisfied by my first reading of his works. I went back to them time and again, just as I have done since my boyhood days. South America In 1811, Venezuelan translator Manuel Garcia de Sena published a book in Philadelphia that consisted mostly of Spanish translations of several of Paine's most important works.

The book also included translations of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, the U.S. Constitution and the constitutions of five U.S. States.It subsequently circulated widely in South America and through it national hero became familiar with and embraced Paine's ideas. In turn, many of Artigas's writings drew directly from Paine's, including the, which Uruguayans consider to be one of their country's most important constitutional documents, was one of the earliest writings to articulate a principled basis for an identity independent of Buenos Aires. Memorials The first and longest-standing memorial to Paine is the carved and inscribed 12-foot marble column in, organized and funded by publisher, educator and reformer Gilbert Vale (1791–1866) and raised in 1839 by the American sculptor and architect, the (see image below).New Rochelle is also the original site of, which along with a 320-acre (130 ha) farm were presented to Paine in 1784 by act of the New York State Legislature for his services in the American Revolution.The same site is the home of the. Thomas Edison helped to turn the first shovel of earth for the museum which serves as a museum to display both Paine relics as well as others of local historical interest.

A large collection of books, pamphlets, and pictures is contained in the Paine library, including many first editions of Paine's works as well as several original manuscripts. The holdings, the subject of a sell-off controversy, were temporarily relocated to the and have since been more permanently archived in the library nearby.Paine was originally buried near the current location of his house and monument upon his death in 1809. The site is marked by a small headstone and burial plaque even though his remains were removed years later.In the 20th century, longtime president of the Freethinkers of America and an ardent Paine admirer, was instrumental in having larger-than-life-sized statues of Paine erected in each of the three countries with which the revolutionary writer was associated. The first, created by sculptor, was erected in just before began but not formally dedicated until 1948. It depicts Paine standing before the French to plead for the life of. The second, sculpted in 1950 by, was erected near Paine's one time home in.

It shows a seated Paine using a drum-head as a makeshift table. The third, sculpted by Sir, President of the Royal Academy, was erected in 1964 in Paine's birthplace, England.

With quill pen in his right hand and an inverted copy of The Rights of Man in his left, it occupies a prominent spot on King Street. Thomas Paine was ranked No. 34 in the 2002 extensive Nationwide poll conducted by the.A bronze plaque attached to the wall of Thetford's Thomas Paine Hotel gives details of Paine's life. It was placed there in 1943 by voluntary contributions from U.S. Airmen from a nearby bomber base.

Texas folklorist and freethinker, then teaching at Cambridge University, participated in the dedication ceremonies.In New York City, the is marked by a fountain called The Triumph of the Human Spirit. Commemorative plaque on the site of the former residence of Paine in,In popular culture. The 1982 French-Italian film is about a fictional meeting of (played by Italian actor ), Countess Sophie de la Borde and Thomas Paine (played by American actor ) as they ride in a carriage a few hours behind the carriage carrying the King and Queen of France, and, on in 1791. In 1987, Paine's life was dramatized in Howard Fast's play 'Citizen Tom Paine,' with Richard Thomas in the title role, staged in Philadelphia and Washington, DC, in the bicentennial year of the United States Constitution. (Louise Sweeney (1987). 'On stage: reliving historic turning points. Howard Fast's `Citizen Tom Paine' 'Christian Science Monitor.'

March 12, 1987.). 's stage play dramatized a visit by Thomas Paine to the home of and in 1789. In 1995, English folk singer Graham Moore, from, wrote 'Tom Paine's Bones' which he recorded on his album of the same name.

In 2001, the Scottish musician included the song on his album Outlaws and Dreamers. In 2005, published These are the Times: A Life of Thomas Paine, originally written as a screenplay for.

Although the film was not made, the play was broadcast as a two-part drama on in 2008, with a repeat in 2012. In 2009, Griffiths adapted the screenplay for a production entitled at theatre on London's South Bank. 's 2008 novel features Paine as a character.

In 2009, Paine's life was dramatized in the play Thomas Paine Citizen of the World, produced for the 'Tom Paine 200 Celebrations' festival. Paine's role in the foundation of the United States is depicted in a pseudo-biographical fashion in the educational animated series produced by. Paine is a character in the song ', featured on Dylan's 1968 album,. A fictional version of Paine is featured in the book 'Time's Convert'.

Paine is featured in an essay celebrating the forgotten founding father in Mo Rocca's book 'Mobituaries: Great Lives Worth Living,' published by Simon & Schuster on November 5, 2019.See also. Volume 1., Illustrator.

Retrieved October 2, 2013. – In the contemporary record as noted by Conway, Paine's birth date is given as January 29, 1736–37. Common practice was to use a dash or a slash to separate the old-style year from the new-style year. In the old calendar, the new year began on March 25, not January 1. Paine's birth date, therefore, would have been before New Year, 1737.

In the new style, his birth date advances by eleven days and his year increases by one to February 9, 1737. The link gives more detail if needed.

From Jack P. Green (1978) 'Paine, America, and the 'Modernization' of Political Consciousness', cited in Edward Larkin (2005) 'Thomas Paine and the Literature of Revolution.' References Citations.

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